فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 56 (بهار 1399)

Hamadan, as one of the oldest cities in Iran, and the center of the Median state, which undoubtedly has been the "heart of Iran" in popular thought since the Achaemenid era in terms of geography. In the late Sassanid era, it was easily subjected to invasion, and with its conquest by the Muslims, Islam came to this city. This study attempts to examine the process of forced or compulsory entry of Islam into the city of Hamadan and attempts to reject the theory of forced acceptance of Islam by Hamadan people on the one hand and to criticize the idea of easy acceptance of Islam by Hamadan people. This study examines the following: (a) The people of Hamadan have shown strong resistance to the Arabs, but this does not mean that Islam has also been forced into the Hamadan culture. B) The Islamisation of the Hamadans has not been rational and deliberate everywhere, but other psychological, social, economic and political factors have also influenced their Islamization. C) Adoption of Islam did not necessarily mean acceptance of Arab culture, but the core of Islam as a text (Qur'an) penetrated among the Hamadans, and they were able to understand this revelation, and finally to fit it with their human possessions and to mix it with the truth. Heavenly Islam, cultural objectification. heavenly truth of Islam a cultural object.

 TheIranian social lifestylecan be studied from four aspeccts? Political, social, cultural and economical. This paper studies the socio- Economical aspect of the Iranian lifestylein two books "Rahatosodor , chahamaghaleh and FARSNAMEH in a comparative way.to find an answer to the question of how much the selected books reveal the socio – Economical aspect of the Iranian life style. The anther has tried to the Economical connotations of the two books. The paper has been dane using a descriptive and analytical method. The author has tried to study some texts which deal with different aspects of eranian lifestyle in the past and then stndy the collected Economical data in an orderly and organized way. We came to the conclusion that in both thery books the Economical subjects has been dealt with, but the book rahatosodor has revealed the Economical aspect of the the Iranian social lifestyle far more than the other.

Despite the abundance of historical studies and research on Qazvin, there is still much to be said about the intellectual and cultural changes and tendency of the people of Shi'ite in the early Islamic centuries due to Qazvin's "Dar al-Sina". The central question of this study is that Sadat What role did they play in the spread of Shi'ism in Qazvin in the early Islamic centuries? According to the findings of this study, Shiites in this city first came to Qazvin due to the presence of some companions and worshipers who were deeply interested in the Imams and the Ahlul-Bayt Imams. The continuation of the Umayyad regime and their treatment of the Iranian people and the presence of Sadat and Alawites in different cities of Iran, especially in Qazvin, have gradually increased the interest of the Shiites in Iran. Meanwhile, Sadat Ja'fari played a key role in the spread of Shi'ism in Qazvin.

City and urban planning are one of the characteristics of human civilization. This phenomenon arises from both human and ideological elements and reflects the social, cultural, political, and economic conditions that have dominated the social space that has evolved over time. Urban development and urban development in the Sassanid era is one of the most important developments in this research that aims to identify the factors affecting the urban context and pattern, study the physical space of the city and its functions, as well as examine the relationship between city construction and community beliefs. It is the Sassanid era. In this analytical study, using documentary and library data and information, Sassanid city and Iran's urbanization system has been studied and analyzed and according to the ecological conditions, some kind of alignment of Iranian urban style with the environmental and ideological components of the mentioned period. It has emerged that in addition to political, social, cultural and military growth, there has also been an economic boom that can be exploited in the present circumstances.

Damascus, the largest city in Sham and the capital of the province before and after the rise of Islam, is one of the oldest cities in the world, which has played a very important role in the political and social developments of Islam.Mu'awiyah is one of these rulers who had a direct influence on the situation in Damascus and was influenced by it during his caliphate. Therefore, the present article, which seeks to examine the political and economic situation in Damascus during the reign of Mu'awiyah, will examine the two issues of the political and economic situation in Damascus after expanding the conceptual space of the research topic. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in this research is library. The study's findings suggest that by choosing Damascus as the center of the caliphate, Mu'awiyah was able to consolidate his power base in Damascus and Sham during his emirate and change the city's political situation.Simultaneously with the use of the tax system and the innumerable wealth he had gained from Sham, he prospered the city of Damascus economically, and finally, according to the necessities that existed for the formation of the Islamic State, to establish or expand and develop various political institutions. Governments such as the political, economic, social, and cultural courts, as well as some institutions, established the centers of the foundations of their governmental authority.

 The Iranian Land Reform was among the most important programs that were operationalized during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah and left deep impacts on land ownership, class structure, social mobility, and the composition of the ruling parties. In fact, the land reform had social and political goals and its major consequence was the elimination of owners’ political and social influences. The starting point of the program was Maragheh, and the county was acknowledged as the pioneer in this movement. On social dimension, the land reform brought about growth and development for farmers and workers. Findings and results reveal that on political dimension, the land reform weakened owners’ power and at the same, enhanced the influence of the central government and its concentration of power in villages. In its pioneer county, the land reform caused the migration of villagers to the town and a significant number of neighborhoods, such as Mikail Abad, Eshrat Abad, Yousef Abad, and Hashem Abad, were formed in rural areas, which brought about unfavorable social, economic, political, and cultural consequences and created a number of fake jobs in Maragheh. It also resulted in the removal of workforce and losing job opportunities in rural areas that did nothing but destroying agriculture. In the current study, the descriptive-analytical methodology has been applied and the events have been analyzed through applying historical documents, political elites’ memoirs, and interviews with eyewitnesses.

The Karbala incident is one of the sad memories of Shiites throughout history. Since then, the Shiites have tried in various ways to revive and promote the Ashura culture. Although the practice of ta'ziyeh appeared centuries after the event, it is in line with the same efforts. Regardless of the ancient Iranian history of mourning rituals, many factors have influenced the formation of this Iranian art. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the efforts of the imams, their personalities, scholars, writers, and their works that are considered social agents in this study, among other factors that influenced the emergence of this Iranian drama. But since awareness of this effect emphasizes the Iranian identity of the phenomenon, it will also be a proof of the cross-sectional emergence of Iranian truth-telling creations and the gradual emergence of similarism, By examining the existing historical reports, we have tried to explain the place of such social factors in the emergence of this ritual through a library and analytical and descriptive method.

he analysis of the Palestinian question and the conditions for the emergence of Israel in 1948 is an issue that is very complex in examining this issue, and this issue is at the regional level, which has different dimensions. Research on the role of the Arabs and their different approaches to the Palestinian-Israeli issue is also one of the issues that has been considered by researchers in various ways. The views of the Islamic world and the West in this regard are also other issues to be considered in this area. Today, given the compromising approach of the Arab states to Israel, Iran's position as a supporter of Palestine is becoming increasingly important. The findings of this study show that this land has been inhabited since the arrival and occupation of the Israelis in Palestine. It has witnessed heavy internal and external wars in which various parties, sects and organizations have grown up, sometimes standing opposite each other. After the formation of the state of Israel, the anger of the Palestinians against this aggression flared up more and more and they resisted the aggressors. The existence of various events and the geographical situation of the land of Palestine have caused serious and sometimes irreversible differences between Palestine and Israel.

Talesh is a land in west of the Caspian Sea that Persistent Iranians have lived there for a long time And it is rich in historical, social, economic, geographical and religious perspectives. Wire this area into two parts of the northern and southern Wire this area into two parts of the northern and southern tributaries after the Turkmenchay treaty, a study of its historical geographical range prior to division is necessary. In the Period of different religions throughout history, it has had a more sustained presence than its neighbors. Therefore, its population composition is assumed to be reflective. This paper seeks to answer these questions by a descriptive-analytical method :What was the historical geography of Talesh before it was divided? Have the historical and human characteristics of Talesh been influenced by geographical factors? The findings of the study indicate that Talesh's specific geographical location has protected it from other influxes of tribal populations and to some extent it preserved the ethnic origin of the area. On the other hand, the attempt on the Gilan route to Azerbaijan, the Caucasus and Russia has created a history of different ups and downs between neighboring states.

In Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, one of the key words for understanding their foreign policy is undoubtedly the concept of "third force". And our main purpose in this article is to examine the role of the third force in the foreign policy strategy of Iran in the two Qajar and Pahlavi periods. During the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, domestic and foreign agents of the structure and the agent underwent fundamental changes, and the mutual influence of the structure and the agent in the structure of the international system caused Iran to face tensions and challenges, and in Iran constantly, always It has caused the need for a third force in the international and even domestic arena during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Therefore, the present article tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method, why Iran's foreign policy in the two periods of Qajar and Pahlavi has tended towards the third force? In response to this question, this hypothesis has been presented: From the point of view of Iranian officials in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, the third force could have played a balancing role in Iran's foreign policy and moderated the Russian and British threats. In this study, based on the theory of threat balance, the role of the third force in Iran's foreign policy has been investigated.

Toghtamesh (778-793 AH / 1376-1391 AD) is the last famous and most powerful ruler in the history of the White and Zarrin Urdu. He sought refuge with Amir Timour as a result of internal strife in order to seize power and reign in the White Urdu. Amir Timour gave him the government of the Saqqaq provinces, by the Sihoun River. He was defeated twice by the White Urdu chief, Uros Khan, and the second time his hand was injured, forcing him to seek refuge with Amir Timour. This time, Amir Timour himself took action and began to break into the Eritrean and Lashkar-e-Lahang. In 777 AH while Amir Timour was planning to invade the Land of the White Urdu more aggressively, Orus Khan died suddenly and his successor died shortly thereafter. This paved the way for Amir Timour to reign Toghtamesh. Soon, Toghtamesh moved to the western Ghebchagh Plain and took over the town of Serai, the thone of the Khans of the Zarrin Urdu. He bridged the divition between the Khans of the White and Zarrin Urdu and brought the Eastern (White) and Western (Zarrin) Olos Ghebchagh under one government. Toghtamesh was proud of his accomplishments, and took the opposite course of his patron AmirTimour and acted daringly. Amir Taymour defeated Toghtamesh in two battles, one at the site of Ortepe (793 AH) and the other near the Turkish River (798 AH). In the end, after wandering for a long time, Toghtamesh passed away in 809 AH.

The June 23, 2016 referendum of the British people approved the law of the country leaving the European Union, which became known as Bergzit. An output that has had a tremendous impact on power equations in Europe and the world. Britain, which has not been happy with Europe's common foreign and security policy, has sought to pursue independent security and defense policies. Britain's withdrawal from the European Union as a veto-wielding country, while reducing the weight and power of Europe at the international level, interrupts the implementation of a number of British defense projects, which in turn could lead to a reduction in Europe's military and defense capabilities. . The main question of this article is: What are the most important defense and security implications of the election on EU convergence? In this article, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used in a library manner. Glossary: European Union, Brexist and Britain